Ovine/Caprine · Urogenital · Urogenital

Urogenital — Ovine/Caprine

High-yield urogenital presentations in ovine/caprine cases, drilled with NAVLE-style vignettes.

Struvite urolithiasis in castrated male small ruminants is driven by high-grain, high-phosphorus diets and alkaline urine. Prevention combines forage feeding, correct Ca:P ratio, urinary acidification with ammonium chloride, salt to drive drinking, and delaying castration when possible.